Knysna seahorse habitat

The Knysna /ˈnaɪznə/ seahorse or Cape seahorse is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. It is endemic to the south coast of South Africa, where it has been found in only three brackish water habitats: the estuary of the Keurbooms River in Plettenberg Bay, the Knysna Lagoon, and the estuarine portion of the Swartvlei system in Sedgefield. The limited range of this seahorse puts it at great risk of extinction. Abstract We investigated the density and size structure of the Endangered Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis in the macroalga Codium tenue at three sites in a residential marina estate in the Kny...Knysna Seahorse | Knysna Holiday Activities | Knysna Interesting Sea Animals | Knysna Quays | Knysna Oyster Festival. The Knysna Seahorse is considered the most endangered seahorse primarily due to their exceptionally limited distribution range as they are endemic to a few southern Cape estuaries.The Knysna Seahorse (Hippocampus capensis) has been known to utilise such structures, often in preference to its own eelgrass habitat. A number of online questionnaires will be conducted together with an online participatory mapping exercise to determine the perception of South African citizens towards ecological engineering and its use in ...There are 35 different species of seahorse which can be found in warm shallow waters all over the world. The head of the seahorse resembles a horses head and its body has an elongated tail covered by about 50 rectangular bony plates. 'Hippocampus' is the scientific name for the seahorse and it means 'bent horse' in Greek.Knysna Seahorse: Lives on the southern coast of South Africa: Hedgehog Seahorse: Lives in coastal waters of India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and northern Australia: ... They can be found in the normal seahorse habitat of seagrass, corals, and mangroves in shallow coastal areas. According to www.fws.gov, of the 50 known seahorse species, at least six ...The emblem of this year's Green Trust Awards is a South African species of seahorse, called the Knysna seahorse (Hippocampus capensis). It is the world's most threatened seahorse and occurs ...Description of the Seahorse. Seahorses are an upright fish. Rather than a head out front and a tail in back, these creatures "stand" in the water column. They have a horse-shaped head, with a long snout and puckered mouth. They swim using the dorsal fin on their backs, and steer using the pectoral fins on either side of their heads.The highly restricted range and fragmented population of this species make the Knysna seahorse particularly vulnerable to exploitation and habitat damage. The 'garden route' area of South Africa is becoming increasingly developed and this is having a detrimental effect on the population. This species is the only seahorse that has so far ...Abstract. We investigated the density and size structure of the endangered Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis in the macroalga Codium tenue at three sites in a residential marina estate in the Knysna Estuary, South Africa, over an 18 month period from March 2017 to August 2018. Seahorses were present in C. tenue throughout the year.Aug 19, 2021 · The newly unveiled Wall of Wings now reaffirms this rare resident’s place at the heart of this community and also is one of the “Knysna 5” truly unique, natural attractions, alongside the Knysna Loerie, Knysna Seahorse, Knysna Dwarf Chameleon and the Knysna Leaf-folding Frog. Mounted onto mottled blue tiles that mirror the fluid ocean ... Habitat Or Being Hunted To The Verge Of Extinction The List Includes But Is Not Limited To The Cape Vulture African Wild Dog Three Sets Of Crane Riverine Rabbit The Cape Parrot Knysna Seahorse De Winton S Golden Mole The Rare Tsessebe The Oribi And Suni Livingstone S Antelope' 'animals are reclaiming national parks travel leisureThe Knysna or Cape seahorse is one of the world’s 50 or so seahorse species, however identification can be difficult as many species change colour to mimic their surroundings and as part of courtship displays. The endangered and protected Knysna seahorse is only found in several estuaries on the southern coast of South Africa, including the ... What habitat does a seahorse live in? The live in warm waters. How seahorse adapts to its habitat? Ohh babby babby. What is the habitat of the Cape Seahorse? ...The Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, is South Africa's only endemic seahorse species and is found in only three adjacent estuaries situated on the southern Cape coast. It was the first (and is still the only) seahorse species to be listed as endangered on the IUCN Red Data List of Threatened species with habitat loss ...The Knysna seahorse is the most threatened seahorse in the world. It was the first seahorse to be listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List in 2004. It is no surprise that this seahorse is so threatened, seeing that it is only found in 3 estuaries along the south coast of South Africa.The Knysna Seahorse, found only in the Knysna Lagoon, is another fascinating and highly endangered creature and is the rarest seahorse in the world! Some distinctive birdlife to look out for includes the colourful and famous Knysna Turaco (Loerie), the Narina Trogon, the Knysna Woodpecker and the African Black Oystercatcher. Other species to ...Hippocampus capensis, or if you can pronounce it, the Knysna Seahorse, was the first seahorse placed on the IUCN Red List for protection. It is found only along the southern coast of South Africa. It is found only along the southern coast of South Africa. Jun 23, 2010 · Knysna seahorse, H. capensis Boulenger, 1900 H. colemani Kuiter, 2003 Tiger tail seahorse, H. comes Cantor, 1850 Crowned seahorse, H. coronatus Temminck & Schlegel, 1850 Denise's pygmy seahorse, H. denise Lourie & Randall, 2003 Lined seahorse, H. erectus Perry, 1810 (east coast of the Americas, between Nova Scotia and Uruguay) Seahorses have to be very careful to avoid being lunch for a bigger animal. One of the adaptations that helps seahorses avoid predators is their eyes. Seahorses have excellent vision, and their ...HABITAT Cape Seahorses are found in only three brackish water estuarine environments, in the Cape Province in South Africa. These are the Keurbooms and Swartvlei estuaries and the Knysna Lagoon. As a result this small range puts them at great risk of extinction.Anthropogenic development, especially the transformation of natural habitats to artificial, is a growing concern within estuaries and coastal areas wo…This study investigated aspects of the population ecology of the endangered Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis within different habitat types. High densities of H. capensis were found within artificial Reno mattress habitat, within the Knysna Estuary, South Africa. Monthly surveys at three sites were conducted from October 2015 to August 2016 to compare population densities of H. capensis in ...Knysna is a natural paradise of lush, indigenous forests, tranquil lakes and golden beaches. She nestles on the banks of a breathtakingly pretty lagoon, now a protected marine reserve that is home to the extraordinary sea horse and over 200 species of fish. Beaches, lakes, mountains and rivers provide endless opportunity for leisure and outdoor ...Aspects of the population ecology, habitat use and behaviour of the endangered Knysna seahorse (Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900) in a residential marina estate, Knysna, South Africa: implications for conservation Creator Claassens, Louw Subject Endangered species -- South Africa -- Knysna ...A locked padlock) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.DPT Designs. 1,484 likes · 7 talking about this. •Wildlife & nature inspired designs •Handcrafted & hand cut •Leather & silver/brass/copper jewellery & accessories •Baby gifts •Make-up/Pencil bags...Seahorses are mainly found in shallow tropical and temperate salt water throughout the world, from about 45°S to 45°N. They live in sheltered areas such as seagrass beds, estuaries, coral reefs, and mangroves. Four species are found in Pacific waters from North America to South America. In the Atlantic, Hippocampus erectus ranges from Nova ... habitat alteration and loss impacts seahorses, to be better able to conserve this genus (Vincent et al. 2011). The Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900 is South Africa'sonlyendemic seahorse species and is found in only three adjacent estuaries situated on the southern Cape coast (Knysna,Sep 13, 2017 · Knysna supports a variety of different habitats, making it an optimum spot for birding throughout the year. Look out for waders and sea birds at Woodbourne Marsh and alongside the causeway to Leisure Island; and for African Fish Eagles upriver of the N2 bridge over the lagoon. In recent years, populations have decreased drastically. It and the South African Knysna seahorse are the only two out of around 50 seahorse species to be listed as endangered. A wild storm season from 2010 to 2013 left the Sydney seahorses' habitat in tatters, wiping out 90% of the population in the area. Several large storms shifted huge ...Seahorses are ambush predators: They hold still and wait for krill, copepods, fish larvae, and other tiny edibles to float by and then nab them with remarkable speed. Toothless and lacking a ...The Knysna Seahorse, Hippocampus capensis , is a species of seahorse which is highly endemic to a select few estuaries in the southern Cape. They are listed as endangered on the IUCN List of Endangered Species. They are the only species of seahorse found in South Africa and have been recorded only in the Knysna, Keurbooms and Swartvlei estuaries.This project aimed to assess and compare the density and sex structure of the Knysna seahorse within this habitat. Results were also compared to the 2016 assessment of this population. The study ran from March to August 2017 (6 months) at three sites within the marina and the density of seahorses was found to be similar across sites as well as ...The Knysna /ˈnaɪznə/ seahorse or Cape seahorse is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. It is endemic to the south coast of South Africa, where it has been found in only three brackish water habitats: the estuary of the Keurbooms River in Plettenberg Bay, the Knysna Lagoon, and the estuarine portion of the Swartvlei system in Sedgefield. The limited range of this seahorse puts it at great risk of extinction. Shop Knysna Seahorse Products at CafePress. Come check out a huge selection of high quality printed balloons, golf balls, puzzels and more. Free Returns High Quality Printing Fast ShippingSouth Africa's endemic Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis Boulenger 1900, is a rare example of a marine fish listed as Endangered by the IUCN because of its limited range and habitat vulnerability. It is restricted to four estuaries on the southern coast of South Africa. This study reports on its biology in the Knysna and Swartvlei estuaries, both of which are experiencing heavy coastal ...habitat alteration and loss impacts seahorses, to be better able to conserve this genus (Vincent et al. 2011). The Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900 is South Africa'sonlyendemic seahorse species and is found in only three adjacent estuaries situated on the southern Cape coast (Knysna,Shop Knysna Seahorse Products at CafePress. Come check out a huge selection of high quality printed balloons, golf balls, puzzels and more. Free Returns High Quality Printing Fast ShippingSmaller pectoral fins, on the back of the head, are used for steering. Seahorses swim upright and are relatives of the pipe fish. They range from 0.6 inch to 14 inches long. They have well-defined necks and no scales. Seahorse populations are dwindling due to pollution and coastal habitat depletion.The Knysna or Cape seahorse is one of the world’s 50 or so seahorse species, however identification can be difficult as many species change colour to mimic their surroundings and as part of courtship displays. The endangered and protected Knysna seahorse is only found in several estuaries on the southern coast of South Africa, including the ... Grindley, 1985), and the presence of at least two rare fish species, the Knysna goby, figure 2 (Pandaka silvana) and the Knysna seahorse, figure 4 (Hippocampus capensis) (Teske et al 2003). The Knysna estuary has been calculated (based on size, habitat importance, zonal type WildlifeSafari.info: Knysna Lagoon, South Africa info and habitats for wildlife safari, vegetation, birds, mammals and trees. Travel seasons and accommodation. ... The Knysna Lagoon National Park is where you can find the endangered Knysna seahorse and a wide diversity of marine life. Salt marshes and sandbanks are filled with life that ...WildlifeSafari.info: Knysna Lagoon, South Africa info and habitats for wildlife safari, vegetation, birds, mammals and trees. Travel seasons and accommodation. ... The Knysna Lagoon National Park is where you can find the endangered Knysna seahorse and a wide diversity of marine life. Salt marshes and sandbanks are filled with life that ...Amazing Facts About the Seahorse. There are about 40 known species of seahorse. Seahorses prefer to swim in pairs with their tails linked together. They swim upright and avoid predators by mimicking the colour of underwater plants. Except for crabs, few marine predators eat the seahorse - it is too bony and indigestible.Knysna, where the seahorses are located, is South Africa's most popular coastal town and a gem along the famous Garden Route. There's other abundant marine life in the waters of Knysna. The southern right whale comes to breed in these waters between August and December, and you'll get great views all along the Garden Route. ...She found that the Knysna seahorses were more likely to move away from the seagrass habitat onto the Reno mattress or remain on the Reno mattress. Reno mattress seems to provide more areas for seahorses to hold on to, as well as protection from predators, with all its nooks and crannies.Famous for its elephants, indigenous forest and rare seahorse, it forms part of the Garden Route National Park, one of the most beautiful stretches of coastline in the world along the south coast of South Africa. The National Lake Area is home to the Knysna Seahorse a very rare and unusual fish. Jan 28, 2015 · Lourie SA, Foster SJ, Cooper EWT, Vincent ACJ (2004) A guide to the identification of seahorses. Project Seahorse and TRAFFIC North America. 59. Wenner CA, Sedberry GR (1989) Species composition, distribution, and relative abundance of fishes in the coastal habitat off the southeastern United States. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 79: 1–78. The Cape Seahorse, or Knysna Seahorse, is found in only three brackish water estuaries in the Cape Province of South Africa. A fourth group used to exist, but by 2002 the fourth population had disappeared. .0 They are tiny They tiny, growing maximum Of in height and have a distinct Shorter and smaller Baby Cape Seahorses are 0.3 inches (lcm). The Knysna seahorse is the best known, and is the only seahorse that is endangered. Knysna seahorses are found only in the Knysna, Keurbooms and Swartvlei estuaries on the south coast of South Africa. They are green to brown in colour and grow to about 12cm in length. They live at depths of 50cm to 8m, on sandy bottoms or around clumps of ...Knysna National Lake Area. Travelling the 500km from Cape Town to get to Knysna along the scenic Garden Route is a pleasure in itself. The Lake Area enjoys a temperate climate making is an excellent place to unwind. The beautiful Knysna National Lake Area is home to the endangered Knysna seahorse and a large diversity of marine life. Facts Summary: The Cape Seahorse (Hippocampus capensis) is a species of concern belonging in the species group "fishes" and found in the following area(s): South Africa.This species is also known by the following name(s): Knysna Seahorse.Volunteers stepped in to help rescue stranded Knysna seahorses when the Swartvlei estuary mouth was opened in late-May. Conservationist Rio Button explains that SANParks arranges citizen scientist ...Jan 28, 2020 · Endangered Knysna Seahorse . This creature has the head of a horse and occurs in three estuaries in the country. These three estuaries are Swartvlei, Keurbooms and Knysna. Unfortunately, one of ... Knysna seahorses can be found in only three Garden Route estuaries, namely the Knysna Estuary, the estuarine portion of the Swartvlei system in Sedgefield, and further west in the Keurbooms River estuary in Plettenberg Bay. Owing to this limited geographical range and its small overall population size, it is the first seahorse to be classified ...Habitat. Seahorses live in both tropical and temperate waters, though their greatest number of species can be found in the Indo-Pacific region. ... Hippo-campus capensis or usually called The Knysna seahorse is the only seahorse species known to exclusively inhabit estuaries. The Knysna seahorse is a medium-sized seahorse (8-12 cm) with a ...The Knysna turaco (Tauraco corythaix) follows monogamous breeding. Their breeding time varies according to location. The female turacos lay only two eggs. The eggs are laid in a shallow platform nest made from sticks and placed in a tree or clump of creepers. Both the parents incubate the eggs for 20-24 days.Aspects of the population ecology, habitat use and behaviour of the endangered Knysna seahorse (Hippocampus capensis Boulenger, 1900) in a residential marina estate, Knysna, South Africa: implications for conservation Creator Claassens, Louw Subject Endangered species -- South Africa -- Knysna ...The endemic estuarine is also the natural habitat for the rare Knysna Goby and Knysna Seahorse. An estuary acts as a nursery and important feeding ground for marine animals. Flanking the estuary, two geological features, known as the Knysna Heads, tower over the estuary like sentinels. The eastern head can be visited at any time and a lookout ...Jan 28, 2020 · Die Liste der tödlichsten Tiere Südafrikas ist klein, aber sie ist sehr umfangreich: Moskito, schwarze Mamba, Puffotter, Nilpferd, Krokodil, Elefant, Büffel, Löwe und der weiße Hai. Wildtiere in Südafrikwildtiere in südafrikaa. wildtiere in südafrika. Black Mamba. There are 35 different species of seahorse which can be found in warm shallow waters all over the world. The head of the seahorse resembles a horses head and its body has an elongated tail covered by about 50 rectangular bony plates. 'Hippocampus' is the scientific name for the seahorse and it means 'bent horse' in Greek.Knysna seahorses are endemic to the Garden Route and have only ever been found in three local estuaries, namely, the Keurbooms River estuary in Plettenberg Bay, the Knysna Estuary, and the estuarine portion of the Swartvlei system in Sedgefield.South Africa's endemic Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis Boulenger 1900, is a rare example of a marine fish listed as Endangered by the IUCN because of its limited range and habitat vulnerability. It is restricted to four estuaries on the. South Africa's endemic Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis Boulenger 1900, is a rare example of ...What habitat does a seahorse live in? The live in warm waters. How seahorse adapts to its habitat? Ohh babby babby. What is the habitat of the Cape Seahorse? ...By working together with scientists, the public will be able to share in the excitement as the first global effort to cross-match manta rays from different populations gets underway. To get involved, go to www.mantamatcher.org to upload your photographs and directly contribute to the conservation of these gentle giants.This study showed that C. tenue is consistently utilised by Knysna seahorse and should therefore be considered an important habitat to protect and facilitate the ongoing conservation of this endangered seahorses species. Expand. 4. Save. Alert.Smaller pectoral fins, on the back of the head, are used for steering. Seahorses swim upright and are relatives of the pipe fish. They range from 0.6 inch to 14 inches long. They have well-defined necks and no scales. Seahorse populations are dwindling due to pollution and coastal habitat depletion.Abstract We investigated the density and size structure of the Endangered Knysna seahorse Hippocampus capensis in the macroalga Codium tenue at three sites in a residential marina estate in the Kny...Sep 17, 2014 · The Knysna seahorse lives in bays and estuaries that have submerged vegetation. Also known as the Cape seahorse, they live in brackish water habitats and are bottom-dwellers. Hippocampus satomiae (Satomi's pygmy seahorse) attached to coral. Pygmy seahorses are less than 15 millimeters (0.59 in) tall and 17 millimeters (0.67 in) wide members of the genus. Previously the term was applied exclusively to the species H. bargibanti but since 1997, discoveries have made this term obsolete. Shop Knysna Seahorse Products at CafePress. Come check out a huge selection of high quality printed balloons, golf balls, puzzels and more. Free Returns High Quality Printing Fast ShippingWith this in mind, the Trust advises and runs a number of projects in the UK and abroad looking at the habitats seahorses live in, the various species that live there and the problems facing them. ... one particularly shocking figure is that of the wild population of the Knysna Seahorse. It's primary habitat, the Knysna estuary in South ...Anthropogenic development, especially the transformation of natural habitats to artificial, is a growing concern within estuaries and coastal areas wo…This project aimed to assess and compare the density and sex structure of the Knysna seahorse within this habitat. Results were also compared to the 2016 assessment of this population. The study ran from March to August 2017 (6 months) at three sites within the marina and the density of seahorses was found to be similar across sites as well as ...DPT Designs. 1,484 likes · 7 talking about this. •Wildlife & nature inspired designs •Handcrafted & hand cut •Leather & silver/brass/copper jewellery & accessories •Baby gifts •Make-up/Pencil bags...The Knysna Seahorse (Hippocampus capensis) has been known to utilise such structures, often in preference to its own eelgrass habitat. A number of online questionnaires will be conducted together with an online participatory mapping exercise to determine the perception of South African citizens towards ecological engineering and its use in ...All seahorses are marine species, generally living among seagrass beds, mangrove roots, and coral reefs, in shallow temperate and tropical waters. Some species can also be found in estuaries, tolerating wide ranges in salinity. Seahorses range roughly from 50 degrees north to 50 degrees south latitude, with most species occurring in the West ...Endemic to the Garden Route area of the Western Cape, it is found in only three estuarine systems: the Swartvlei (at Sedgefield), Knysna and Keurbooms (at Plettenberg Bay). Knysna Seahorse in a tank at SANPark's offices on Thesen Island, Knysna.About Facts About Knysna South Africa. Between George and Wilderness, South Africa, is Far Hills Country Hotel. Overlooking the breathtaking Outeniqua mountains, with its undulating slopes and majestic peaks, it is well-known for its spectacular setting. During the day, the scenery changes continually, from foggy mornings to huge blue sky and ...Knysna seahorses are onlydiscovered in the Knysna, Keurbooms and Swartvleiestuaries on the south shoreof South Africa. They are green to brown in color and grow to about 12cm inlength. They live at depths of 50cm to 8m, on sandy bottoms or around plants.The knysna seahorse's population is estimated to be 62,000 and decreasing due totheir ...She found that the Knysna seahorses were more likely to move away from the seagrass habitat onto the Reno mattress or remain on the Reno mattress. Reno mattress seems to provide more areas for seahorses to hold on to, as well as protection from predators, with all its nooks and crannies.The Chinese Paddlefish was declared extinct in 2020 after a thorough capture survey was done, and they were thought to have gone extinct between 2005 and 2010. In recent years, populations have decreased drastically. It and the South African Knysna seahorse are the only two out of around 50 seahorse species to be listed as endangered. A wild storm season from 2010 to 2013 left the Sydney seahorses' habitat in tatters, wiping out 90% of the population in the area. Several large storms shifted huge ...Jan 28, 2020 · Endangered Knysna Seahorse . This creature has the head of a horse and occurs in three estuaries in the country. These three estuaries are Swartvlei, Keurbooms and Knysna. Unfortunately, one of ... KNYSNA SEAHORSE TOUR waterclubthesen 2019-12-11T23:54:04+00:00. KNYSNA SEAHORSE TOUR. These tours are held from our jetties on Thesen Islands only when there is a very low tide.Seahorses are mainly found in shallow tropical and temperate salt water throughout the world, from about 45°S to 45°N. They live in sheltered areas such as seagrass beds, estuaries, coral reefs, and mangroves. Four species are found in Pacific waters from North America to South America. In the Atlantic, Hippocampus erectus ranges from Nova ... Facts Summary: The Cape Seahorse (Hippocampus capensis) is a species of concern belonging in the species group "fishes" and found in the following area(s): South Africa.This species is also known by the following name(s): Knysna Seahorse.Sep 17, 2014 · The Knysna seahorse lives in bays and estuaries that have submerged vegetation. Also known as the Cape seahorse, they live in brackish water habitats and are bottom-dwellers. Anthropogenic development, especially the transformation of natural habitats to artificial, is a growing concern within estuaries and coastal areas worldwide. Thesen Islands marina, an artificial water body, added 25 ha of new estuarine habitat to the Knysna Estuary in South Africa, home to the Knysna seahorse.It and the South African Knysna seahorse are the only two out of around 50 seahorse species to be listed as endangered. ... A wild storm season from 2010 to 2013 left the Sydney seahorses' habitat ...Jan 12, 2020 · Lined Seahorse. The Lined Seahorse ( Hippocampus erectus) is also known as the Erect Seahorse or Atlantic Seahorse. This Seahorse adapts well to aquarium life if it is fed properly and if the tank is well maintained. The Lined Seahorse prefers a quiet tank with other non-aggressive fish, such as the Mandarin Dragonet. Grindley, 1985), and the presence of at least two rare fish species, the Knysna goby, figure 2 (Pandaka silvana) and the Knysna seahorse, figure 4 (Hippocampus capensis) (Teske et al 2003). The Knysna estuary has been calculated (based on size, habitat importance, zonal type Hippocampus abdominalis are all hand raised here at Seahorse farm and are all trained to eat frozen Hikari mysis shrimp. Weight. 4 lbs. Add to wishlist. $ 500.00 $ 450.00. Add to cart. Category: Live Seahorse Tags: big bellied seahorse, big belly seahorse threats, big-belly seahorse facts, big-belly seahorse habitat, hippocampus abdominalis ...Genus: Hippocampus. Species: H. capensis. Binomial name. Hippocampus capensis. Boulenger, 1900. The Knysna / ˈnaɪznə / seahorse or Cape seahorse ( Hippocampus capensis) is a species of fish in the family Syngnathidae. It is endemic to the south coast of South Africa, where it has been found in only three brackish water habitats: the estuary ...Seahorses are mainly found in shallow tropical and temperate salt water throughout the world, from about 45°S to 45°N. They live in sheltered areas such as seagrass beds, estuaries, coral reefs, and mangroves. Four species are found in Pacific waters from North America to South America. In the Atlantic, Hippocampus erectus ranges from Nova ... The Knysna Oyster Company was a beacon attracting tourists and locals alike. At first it consisted of an oyster farm where oysters were cultivated in the lagoon and sold –open or closed – to visitors and local restaurants and hotels. 10l_1ttl